The concept of Batik, Innovation, and their relationship with Culture
In the Introduction to Anthropology (1990), culture is a whole system of ideas, actions and results of human work in the framework of life which belongs pledged themselves by learning. Culture has three basic form, namely as an idea or ideas, as human behavior is patterned, and as objects of human work. In addition, kebudayan has seven main elements. The seven elements: knowledge systems, living systems equipment and technology, social organization, language system, religious system, livelihood systems of life, and art.
For most people of Indonesia, batik is considered as the result of original craft inherited by generations. Batik is closely related to aspects of life most of the people of Java. Motifs contained in batik are often associated with a variety of special meaningful symbols in their culture. Basically, the arts, including batik painting using a tool called a canting. Batik is the paintings or drawings on cloth made by using the tool named canting. Results of the batik process is the creation of a product called a form of batik or batikan various motifs (Hamzuri, 1989: vi).
Batik has a variety of ornaments. Some of these decorative, decorative Ngibing Peacock (Indramayu and Garut), dawn (Madura), Peacock Merem (Jambi), Cement Gurdo (Cirebon), Filling (Pekalongan, Yogyakarta, Solo and Cirebon), Parang Barong Damaged (Yogyakarta ), kawung King (Yogyakarta), Limar (Solo), and others. Batik ornamentation which varies generally influenced by: (1) batik makers geographical area concerned; (2) the nature and structure of living area concerned; (3) beliefs and customs that exist in the area concerned; (4) state surrounding environment, including flora and fauna, and (5) any contact or relationship between the regions (Djoemena, 1990: 1-11).
Although up to now still uncertain of its origins, the word batik is assumed to come from the Java language, namely ambatik (drawing or writing). There are two opinions about the origins of batik. The first opinion, there is a tendency to say that in Egypt in the sixth century there have been batik cloth and eventually spread to the Arabian Peninsula Africa. There is evidence that the Egyptians and Persians wore batik clothes in the reliefs contained in the pyramid. Second opinion, based on archaeological evidence that people of India, China, Japan and other countries in East Asia have also been familiar with batik. Nevertheless, there is a clear fact that batik has been present in Java in XII century as a necessary part of the cultural and economic kingdom of Majapahit (Purwanto, 2003: 14).
In the early developments in Indonesia, batik is circulating in the environment as a palace of jewels from the king's wife. From the palace, known as batik and special items that show the high status of the wearer. In the history of nationalism, Indonesia, batik is a national clothing used by women and men to distinguish the Western nations (the class) are generally dressed in shirts and jackets as well as other Eastern nations (the second class), which generally use their distinctive clothing (Purwanto, 2003 : 14).
As a cultural heritage, batik was born from a spiritual nobility which contains its own philosophical values, especially for the Java community. The Javanese believe that to achieve the required good balance and harmony between the human, environmental, and natural. Confidence needs to be embodied in material culture that produced and developed within the palace, including in the process of making batik. Sophistication of techniques, symbolic meaning, and spiritual aspects of batik is also spread beyond the palace.
Batik ornamentation associated with social status, for example; batik ornamentation and kawung barong machete damaged. Batik that uses such ornamentation may only be used by the king and his immediate family. It relates to the meaning or philosophical significance in Hindu-Javanese culture. The second ornament is often referred to as the prohibition of ornaments (not everyone can use it) (Djoemena, 1990: 12). However, as the times, both decorative batik has become the property of the community together. In other words, people are free to use it.
The essence of culture is a manifestation of the life of society itself and its development process. Culture is the manifestation of the personality of a society that gives people the sense that identity is reflected in the orientation that shows the view of life and value system in the perception to see and respond to the outside world, in patterns and attitudes embodied life, in everyday behavior, as well as in lifestyle that characterizes life (Poespowardojo, 1986: 29).
Culture can be said to progress and develop in a culture that if there is a new cultural elements that can occur because of the new discovery (invention) or a modification of the new invention (innovation) in the presence of mixing of culture (culture acculturation). The term invention contains two meanings, the first invention which refers to the discovery of a completely new with all the considerations that are adjusted with environmental requirements. Both will create new behavior as a result of the emergence of a new experience of community advocates (Sjafei, 1986: 97).
According Koentjaraningrat, innovation is a process of cultural change that occurred within a period not too long. The process includes a new invention, the way of new discoveries in the midst of society, and how its acceptance in society. Moreover, innovation is a process of renewal of the use of natural resources, energy, capital, labor regulation, and the use of technology that resulted in the production systems and new products. Thus, the innovation associated with the renewal of culture pertaining to technological and economic aspects (Koentjaraningrat, 1990: 135).
Anthropology Inside science, invention-innovation associated with the self-differentiated into two kinds of words; discovery and invention. Discovery is the discovery of a new cultural elements, either in the form of a concrete form (product), or in the form of an abstract form (ideas), created by an individual or a group within society. A discovery may be an invention if it has happened recognition, acceptance and application of new inventions in society. At the time a new invention that has become invention, the innovation process is not yet complete. The spread of new discoveries in the midst of the community continued to be encouraged (Koentjaraningrat, 1990: 135).
According Koentjaraningrat, the drivers of the occurrence of new discoveries include: 1) awareness of individuals will be lacking in culture; 2) the quality of experts in a culture, and c) incentive systems for creation activities in the community. Finding something new that would require huge resources, but to spread something new would need a bigger power
In the Introduction to Anthropology (1990), culture is a whole system of ideas, actions and results of human work in the framework of life which belongs pledged themselves by learning. Culture has three basic form, namely as an idea or ideas, as human behavior is patterned, and as objects of human work. In addition, kebudayan has seven main elements. The seven elements: knowledge systems, living systems equipment and technology, social organization, language system, religious system, livelihood systems of life, and art.
For most people of Indonesia, batik is considered as the result of original craft inherited by generations. Batik is closely related to aspects of life most of the people of Java. Motifs contained in batik are often associated with a variety of special meaningful symbols in their culture. Basically, the arts, including batik painting using a tool called a canting. Batik is the paintings or drawings on cloth made by using the tool named canting. Results of the batik process is the creation of a product called a form of batik or batikan various motifs (Hamzuri, 1989: vi).
Batik has a variety of ornaments. Some of these decorative, decorative Ngibing Peacock (Indramayu and Garut), dawn (Madura), Peacock Merem (Jambi), Cement Gurdo (Cirebon), Filling (Pekalongan, Yogyakarta, Solo and Cirebon), Parang Barong Damaged (Yogyakarta ), kawung King (Yogyakarta), Limar (Solo), and others. Batik ornamentation which varies generally influenced by: (1) batik makers geographical area concerned; (2) the nature and structure of living area concerned; (3) beliefs and customs that exist in the area concerned; (4) state surrounding environment, including flora and fauna, and (5) any contact or relationship between the regions (Djoemena, 1990: 1-11).
Although up to now still uncertain of its origins, the word batik is assumed to come from the Java language, namely ambatik (drawing or writing). There are two opinions about the origins of batik. The first opinion, there is a tendency to say that in Egypt in the sixth century there have been batik cloth and eventually spread to the Arabian Peninsula Africa. There is evidence that the Egyptians and Persians wore batik clothes in the reliefs contained in the pyramid. Second opinion, based on archaeological evidence that people of India, China, Japan and other countries in East Asia have also been familiar with batik. Nevertheless, there is a clear fact that batik has been present in Java in XII century as a necessary part of the cultural and economic kingdom of Majapahit (Purwanto, 2003: 14).
In the early developments in Indonesia, batik is circulating in the environment as a palace of jewels from the king's wife. From the palace, known as batik and special items that show the high status of the wearer. In the history of nationalism, Indonesia, batik is a national clothing used by women and men to distinguish the Western nations (the class) are generally dressed in shirts and jackets as well as other Eastern nations (the second class), which generally use their distinctive clothing (Purwanto, 2003 : 14).
As a cultural heritage, batik was born from a spiritual nobility which contains its own philosophical values, especially for the Java community. The Javanese believe that to achieve the required good balance and harmony between the human, environmental, and natural. Confidence needs to be embodied in material culture that produced and developed within the palace, including in the process of making batik. Sophistication of techniques, symbolic meaning, and spiritual aspects of batik is also spread beyond the palace.
Batik ornamentation associated with social status, for example; batik ornamentation and kawung barong machete damaged. Batik that uses such ornamentation may only be used by the king and his immediate family. It relates to the meaning or philosophical significance in Hindu-Javanese culture. The second ornament is often referred to as the prohibition of ornaments (not everyone can use it) (Djoemena, 1990: 12). However, as the times, both decorative batik has become the property of the community together. In other words, people are free to use it.
The essence of culture is a manifestation of the life of society itself and its development process. Culture is the manifestation of the personality of a society that gives people the sense that identity is reflected in the orientation that shows the view of life and value system in the perception to see and respond to the outside world, in patterns and attitudes embodied life, in everyday behavior, as well as in lifestyle that characterizes life (Poespowardojo, 1986: 29).
Culture can be said to progress and develop in a culture that if there is a new cultural elements that can occur because of the new discovery (invention) or a modification of the new invention (innovation) in the presence of mixing of culture (culture acculturation). The term invention contains two meanings, the first invention which refers to the discovery of a completely new with all the considerations that are adjusted with environmental requirements. Both will create new behavior as a result of the emergence of a new experience of community advocates (Sjafei, 1986: 97).
According Koentjaraningrat, innovation is a process of cultural change that occurred within a period not too long. The process includes a new invention, the way of new discoveries in the midst of society, and how its acceptance in society. Moreover, innovation is a process of renewal of the use of natural resources, energy, capital, labor regulation, and the use of technology that resulted in the production systems and new products. Thus, the innovation associated with the renewal of culture pertaining to technological and economic aspects (Koentjaraningrat, 1990: 135).
Anthropology Inside science, invention-innovation associated with the self-differentiated into two kinds of words; discovery and invention. Discovery is the discovery of a new cultural elements, either in the form of a concrete form (product), or in the form of an abstract form (ideas), created by an individual or a group within society. A discovery may be an invention if it has happened recognition, acceptance and application of new inventions in society. At the time a new invention that has become invention, the innovation process is not yet complete. The spread of new discoveries in the midst of the community continued to be encouraged (Koentjaraningrat, 1990: 135).
According Koentjaraningrat, the drivers of the occurrence of new discoveries include: 1) awareness of individuals will be lacking in culture; 2) the quality of experts in a culture, and c) incentive systems for creation activities in the community. Finding something new that would require huge resources, but to spread something new would need a bigger power
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